Senin, 04 April 2011

Medical Terms That Sound Like A Diagnosis But Really Are Not (Part I)

“Diagnosis that offers neither a solution
or an explanation is not a diagnosis.”

—Gregory House, MD

What really is a diagnosis?

According to wikipedia, a diagnosis (from an ancient Greek word that stands for discernment) is the identification of the nature and cause of [an illness].

In other words, getting to the bottom of a problem.

Why is this important?

A good diagnoses answers not only the question of what, but also the question of why.

The why is where the true solution lies.

I spent several days trying to come up with a good way to illustrate my point. And then the right story fell into my lap.

Recently, my mom got a fish tank with a few fish.

About a week ago she mentioned that it seemed that couple of the fish were not eating. She did go the the pet store she got the fish from, but the owner wasn't there, and the clerk told her that they definitely must be eating. Well, perhaps.

The other day she noticed that one of those two fish broke out with some kind of rash.

She took the fish out of the tank, put it in a glass and went to the pet store again. This time the owner was there.

He checked out the fish and told mom to take it back home; he was going to come over that afternoon.

He showed up equipped with an arsenal of vials and diagnostic thingies. He scrutinized the other fish, the tank, and the water chemistry.

Apparently, nitrate levels were off the charts!

Then he interrogated mom and found out that—with best intentions—she was overfeeding the fish! That's what led to the high nitrate levels, which then led to the fish getting sick.

He did treat the water with a liquid from one of his vials. He also treated the water with the sick fish, which he then took with him to see if he can bring it back to health. Then he gave mom detailed feeding and tank care instructions.

I am not an expert on fish, but I assume that the fish probably had ichthyophtirius, or something like that.

What is the point of this story?

Ichthyophtirius certainly sounds like a diagnosis, doesn't it? He could have easily stopped there, couldn't he?

But would that address the REAL problem?

Not for long.

*** 

The mother of all lame diagnoses is idiopathic “one-thing-or-another.”

Such a diagnosis admits three things:
  1. we know that there should be a discernible cause for whatever is wrong (otherwise there would be no need for the qualifying adjective)
  2. we have no idea what the cause is
  3. we gave up trying to figure it out

“Idiopathic, from the Latin word idiot; meaning we're idiots cause we can't figure out what's causing it.”
—Gregory House, MD

Such a diagnosis really is an admission of defeat. 

Unfortunately, such a diagnosis often means that present medical science doesn't have the tools to get to the root of the problem.

What if sometimes the answer is hiding in plain sight?

This silly joke comes to my mind:
Patient: “My eye hurts when I drink coffee.”
Doctor: “Next time try taking out the spoon.”

Of course one could attempt to treat the eye somehow or manage the pain .. taking out the spoon, however, is much better solution, don't you think?

That's why getting to the bottom of things is so important.

In defense of idiopathic “one-thing-or-another” diagnoses, I have to say that I met with much worse.

As with Jasmine's chronic diarrhea, where the conclusion—as we were told then—was. that she has a delicate system. Or just recently, when my friend's dog was diagnosed with very sick intestines.

To top it off, both of these conditions got treated!

Quite often, though, you might encounter a medical term that truly does sound like a diagnosis.

Dermatitis, uveitis, otitis … just for a couple of examples. They do indeed describe the problem; in this case inflammation of the skin, eye or ear, respectively.

What do you think, are these final diagnoses?


It's your dog's health,
Jana

Related articles:
Medical Terms That Sound Like A Diagnosis But Really Are Not: One-thing-or-anotheritis

Jumat, 01 April 2011

Useful Tips: You Don't Have To Dish Out For An Expensive Dog Dryer

Do you have the wet dog blues?

Since Jasmine's recurring skin infections we've been taking all the steps it takes to keep her skin healthy; this includes regular medicated baths.

There came the dilemma. It was determined that moisture was one of the contributing factors. 


Between Jasmine's hydrotherapy, baths and weather; combined with her thick undercoat—how does one keep her dry?

Not that we didn't try.

“You gotta air-dry her,” the vet said.

We are still struggling with money and would like to avoid having to spend $300, or more, on a dog dryer!

But the vet came to the rescue again

“Get a shop vac.”

Sucks on one end, blows on the other, just choose your end to attach the hose to.

We got ours on special for $20! 

It didn't have any attachments, but they are not really needed.

And it works better than the dryer they have at Jasmine's hydrotherapy clinic!

Sometimes you don't have to spend the big bucks to get the results. Just make sure you use your dog vac for the dog only, so it stays clean.

Jana

Rabu, 30 Maret 2011

Vaccination Concerns and Potential Side Effects

by Lorie Huston, DVM   

In the past, dogs were routinely vaccinated against just about anything we could think of, on the off chance that they might be exposed to that disease, in which case the vaccine should protect the dog.

Today, we recognize that vaccines can sometimes have a downside as well. 

There can be side effects with any medication and vaccines are no exception.

Anaphylactic/Allergic Reactions

By far the most common adverse reaction to vaccinations in dogs is an allergic reaction.
  • A normal reaction to vaccines includes mild lethargy and soreness. A mild fever may also occur and these symptoms are generally not serious.
  • Vaccine reactions can occur directly after the administration of a vaccine or within 48 hours later.
  • Hives, swelling of the face, muzzle and ears and sometimes nausea are symptoms seen with an allergic reaction.
  • In more severe cases, the dog may go into shock and may also die suddenly. Fortunately, this complication is extremely rare. 

Which Dogs are Most Likely to Have Adverse Reactions to Vaccines?

Puppies and young dogs are most likely to suffer adverse reactions to a vaccination. Small breeds of dogs are more likely to be affected than larger breeds.

Administering multiple vaccinations at the same time is more likely to elicit an adverse reaction. 

However, interestingly, multi-valent vaccines (vaccines which protect against more than one disease in the same vaccine) do not appear to cause an increase in the incidence of adverse reactions.

Immune-Mediated Disease Linked to Vaccines

At this time, the link between immune-mediated disease and vaccinations administered to dogs is unclear. However, there is some evidence that vaccinations can at least predispose a pet to developing immune-mediated disease.

More research is needed in this area but there is some concern that vaccination could have a long-term effect on the immune system, making it important to minimize unnecessary vaccinations.

Vaccine Preservatives, Mercury and Thiomerosal

Some vaccinations contain various preservatives, including mercury and thiomerosal (a compound containing 49.6% mercury by weight).

Preservatives are added to vaccines in order to reduce the potential for growth of micro-organisms such as bacteria or fungi in the event of an accidental contamination of the vaccine vial. It should be noted that not all vaccines contain mercury or thiomerosal however.

In human medicine, there have been concerns raised about the safety of mercury and thiomerosal in vaccinations.

It was believed that these substances may be linked to the development of the development of autism or other neurodevelopmental disease. However, studies performed to investigate this causal relationship have failed to prove there is a positive correlation, according to the FDA publication Questions About Vaccines. Similar studies in animals have also failed to show a link between adverse reactions in pets and mercury or thiomerosal-containing vaccines to date.

This continues to be a controversial and widely debated topic, however.

Adjuvants

Adjuvants are substances that are added to vaccines to increase the body’s response to the vaccine and lead to better protection with smaller quantities of the biological portion of the vaccine.

Adjuvants have been implicated in causing cancer in pets. 

This is another reason that unnecessary vaccinations should be eliminated from the vaccination protocol for individual animals. Currently, some vaccinations are manufactured that are free of adjuvants and many veterinarians consider these safer than adjuvanted vaccines.

Why Administer Vaccines to Dogs and Cats with the Risks Involved?

Despite the risks involved with vaccinating dogs and cats, vaccines still provide documented benefits which in most cases outweigh any risks involved with their administration.

However, vaccines protocols for an individual animal must assess the relative risk for that animal and only vaccines which can claim the potential for more benefit than risk should be administered.

***

Lorie Huston has been practicing veterinary medicine for over 20 years. Besides a successful career in a busy small animal hospital in Providence, RI, Lorie is also a successful freelance writer specializing in pet care and pet health topics. 

Currently, she is the feature writer for the Pet Care section at Suite101.com and the National Pet Health Examiner at Examiner.com. Lorie also publishes her own blog, The Pet Health Care Gazette and manages an increasingly popular facebook page, The Voice of Pet Care. 

Articles by Dr. Huston:
Lyme Is Lame (Pun Intended)
The Ticking Bomb
Don't Let Heartworm Become A Heartbreak!
Summer Perils: Blue-green Algae
Your Dog And Leptospirosis
Canine Parvovirus
Canine Distemper Virus
Why Is My Dog So Itchy? Top 5 Causes Of Itching In Dogs

Further reading:
The truth about vaccines: Dog and cat owners be warned
Dog Vaccines: Are You Over-Vaccinating?
To Vaccinate or Not to Vaccinate Your Dog or Cat: Which is Safest?
Vaccination Concerns and Potential Side Effects for Dogs and Cats
Vaccinations for Your Dog: A Complex Issue

Related articles:
To Booster Or Not To Booster

Senin, 28 Maret 2011

How Dogs Think (Well, Jasmine Anyway)

Jasmine is one smart girl, always has been.

She is the puppy that was house-trained in one week! And not because of my outstanding training skills—I was a dog training virgin then. Jasmine had to teach me everything. I learned more from her then she did from me.

Jasmine is also very observant and she forgets nothing. 

It took only one encounter with the thermometer for her to glue her rump to the ground the moment a vet approaches his drawer.

When we first took her for her underwater treadmill therapy, she wasn't very impressed having to get into that weird fish tank with no water and no fish.

It was to her relief that at least the water started to pour in. Kind of too warm to anybody's liking, but one can't rely on the bipeds to do anything right.


Then the ground started moving, now, that was really weird. Who came up with that idea? 


Gotta work pretty hard keeping up with it—all that walking while getting nowhere. Hm, ok then.

Are we there yet?

Finally the ground stopped moving, the water went away and they opened the door—I'm outta here!

But Jasmine is also very good at accepting the inevitable. 

So the next time she came in she hopped right into the tank.

Once the door closed behind her, she started pawing at the edge where the water came in last time—let's get this over with.

This became a routine. Hop in, get the water going by pawing at that edge and when it's all done get the door open by pawing at that.

The vet likes Jasmine very much and always marvels at how smart she is that she knows how to get things working.

Last time, however, there was an apprentice vet there doing the session. As usually, Jasmine hops in and goes to get the water going.

“Jasmine, don't do that,” the apprentice vet says.
“Well, she does that to get the water to come in,” hubby smiles.
“But Jasmine, that does not work,” the vet starts to explain … but at that moment the water starts pouring in!

“See, it is working!” hubby says.

How do you argue with that? IT IS working, it always has.

***

Last two weekends we were helping out vet move to his new clinic.

It's a very nice place and he decided to get some new stuff also, including new lift exam tables.

In the old place he had hydraulic lift exam tables. 

They were there since the first time Jasmine came to see him. She didn't really like them so much, but since she figured out that they want her on that table, she'd just hop on as she entered the exam room.

Then the vet would come in, raise the table, poke and probe her—that's how that is done before they can express the joy of seeing each other again.

Because the vet has these new exam tables now, he gave two of the old ones to hubby—you know, hubby is one of those guys who finds use for everything …

So he loaded it onto his trailer and took it to the shop at the friend's farm where he and the dogs spend most of the weekends working on other stuff somebody found use for.

As he was unloading it, Jasmine was very puzzled.

What is this doing here?

But as he moved it into the shop, she figured—ok, that's where we'll do this now I guess.

In order to get with the program she hops on. 

But nobody else seems to be doing this right!

Jasmine gets off again and, making sure that hubby can see her getting on, she hops back on. She tried this several times.

"Ok, is nobody else going to get on with the program?”

Hm, I guess that's why it's here now – cause it's broken.

Jumat, 25 Maret 2011

Why Is My Dog So Itchy? Top 5 Causes Of Itching In Dogs

by Lorie Huston, DVM  

Dogs can become itchy and begin to scratch for many different reasons. However, allergies of various types are among the most common causes.

Scratching

Canine Flea Allergy Dermatitis

An allergy to fleas is one of the most common reasons dogs become itchy. When a flea bites a dog, it injects a substance into the dog’s skin which causes the allergic response.

For a sensitive dog, one flea bite can make the dog extremely itchy. 

One of the most difficult things to understand is that often no overt evidence of fleas is present even though a flea allergy is the reason for the dog’s discomfort. This inability to find evidence of fleas stems from the fact that only one flea need be present and bite the dog in order for the allergic reaction to occur.

In addition, dogs frequently groom themselves and remove the evidence of the fleas through their grooming behavior. Therefore, not being able to find fleas does not rule out a flea allergy as a cause of itching in a dog.

Canine Atopy

Canine atopy is a type of allergy that causes a hypersensitivity reaction to environmental stimuli, such as dust mites or pollens. It is a common disorder in dogs and typically causes scratching and itching. Finding the source of the allergy in these cases can be challenging.

Food Allergies in Dogs

Food allergies are another common cause of itching in the dog. Food allergies can result from reactions to any ingredient within the food but beef, chicken and wheat are some of the most common culprits.

Bacterial Skin Infections in Dogs

Bacterial infections in the skin, commonly called bacterial dermatitis, are another common cause of itchiness in dogs. Bacterial skin infections frequently occur as complications to canine allergic skin disease and are usually a secondary disease.

Bacterial dermatitis must be successfully treated with antibiotics in order to evaluate and control the underlying allergic skin condition.

Canine Yeast (Malassezia) Skin Infections

Yeast skin infections most commonly involve a specific type of yeast known as Malassezia. Like bacterial skin infections, yeast infections are generally secondary to another underlying disease, often allergic in origin. Antifungal medications, such as ketoconazole, are needed to treat canine yeast infections.

Most Common Causes of Itching in Dogs

The three most common causes of itching in dogs are flea dermatitis, atopy and food allergies.

Any of these three types of allergies can be complicated with secondary bacterial or yeast invaders resulting in bacterial and/or yeast skin infections in affected dogs. These skin infections can become quite itchy in their own right and cause extreme discomfort and distress for the infected dog.

Less commonly, other causes, such as canine ringworm (dermatophytosis) or sarcoptic mange may cause itchiness and discomfort as well.

***

Lorie Huston has been practicing veterinary medicine for over 20 years. Besides a successful career in a busy small animal hospital in Providence, RI, Lorie is also a successful freelance writer specializing in pet care and pet health topics. 

Currently, she is the feature writer for the Pet Care section at Suite101.com and the National Pet Health Examiner at Examiner.com. Lorie also publishes her own blog, The Pet Health Care Gazette and manages an increasingly popular facebook page, The Voice of Pet Care. 

Articles by Dr. Huston:
Lyme Is Lame (Pun Intended)
The Ticking Bomb
Don't Let Heartworm Become A Heartbreak!
Summer Perils: Blue-green Algae
Your Dog And Leptospirosis
Canine Parvovirus
Canine Distemper Virus

Rabu, 23 Maret 2011

What Does Organ Meat Have That A Good Ol' Steak Does Not?

Liver, kidneys, heart, lungs … how do you feel about these things? Yuck, right?

Well, where I come from, nothing got wasted. Very little of a slaughtered animal didn't make it onto the plate. Lung chowder, stewed brains, kidney stew, tripe soup, boiled tongue (smoked or plain), can't even count liver dishes … are you hungry yet? :-)

To you, of course, this probably sounds like menu from the Fear Factor.

How does it sound to your dog? Yummy!

Beef kidney
Even the picky eater that Jasmine is, she loves her organ meats. 

Tongue is her favorite, followed by kidneys. Heart and liver she likes best as jerky. And I can't forget the special treat – green tripe.

Because I ate them all, I can tell you that organ meats offer a broad range of flavors. But how about nutritional value?

Organ meats are actually highly nutritious. 

They are an affordable source of quality protein and they are rich vitamins.

Compared with muscle meats, organ meats are richer in just about every nutrient, including vitamin A, B vitamins (B1, B2, B6, folic acid and especially vitamin B12), minerals such as iron, phosphorus, copper, magnesium and more.

Check out this comparison of ground beef, beef liver and beef kidney. 
(values for 1oz of raw product, source: SELF Nutrition Data)


Ground Beef
Liver
Kidney
PROTEIN
5.4 g
5.7 g
4.9 g
VITAMINS
Vit A
0.0
4732 IU
395 IU
Vit D
0.0
4.5 IU
9 IU
Vit E
0.1 mg
0.1 mg
0.05 mg
Thiamin
0.0
0.1 mg
0.1 mg
Riboflavin
0.0
0.8 mg
0.8 mg
Niacin
1.3 mg
3.7 mg
2.3 mg
Pantothenic acid
0.2 mg
2.0 mg
1.12 mg
B6
0.1 mg
0.3 mg
0.2 mg
Folic Acid
1.7 mcg
81.2 mcg
27.75 mcg
Choline
18.9 mg
93.3 mg
0.0
B12
0.6 mcg
16.6 mcg
7.8 mcg
MINERALS
Calcium
3.4 mg
1.4 mg
3.8 mg
Phosphorus
49.0 mg
108 mg
72.5 mg
Potassium
80.9 mg
87.6 mg
73.5 mg
Sodium
19.0 mg
19.3 mg
51.5 mg
Chloride
-
-
-
Magnesium
5.3 mg
5.0 mg
4.8 mg
Iron
0.6 mg
1.4 mg
1.3 mg
Copper
0.0
2.7 mg
0.1 mg
Manganese
0.0
0.1 mg
0.05 mg
Zinc
1.3 mg
1.1 mg
0.55 mg
Iodine
-
-
-
Selenium
4.0 mcg
11.1 mcg
38.8 mcg

Liver is not just an excellent source of protein but also a source of Vitamin A, several B vitamins, iron, folic acid, copper and even CoQ10.
(source: The skinny on organ meats)

Heart is high in vitamin B12, iron and potassium and is a source of selenium, phosphorus and zinc. Heart is also a concentrated source of  CoQ10.

Kidneys are  rich in vitamin B12, riboflavin and iron, and a source of B6, folic acid and niacin.

Tongue is a good source of B-complex vitamins, particularly B12.

Would a dog in a wild eat organ meats? You betcha!

Be aware of nutritional values when incorporating organ meats into your dog's diet.  It is easy to create an imbalanced diet if you rely too heavily on any one organ meat.

Take a look at liver, for example. It is extremely high is phosphorous but quite a poor source of calcium. Given enough time, a diet that is too rich in liver will cause significant health problems in part because of this unhealthy calcium to phosphorous ratio, in part because of the high levels of vitamin A.

Does your dog get to feast on organ meats?

It's your dog's health,
Jana

Related articles:
Feeding Your Dog: Commercial or Home-cooked?
Dog Nutrition And Proteins: The Building Blocks of Life
Dog Nutrition and Carbohydrates: The Essential Non-Essentials 
I Want Some Bacon! Fat In Dog Nutrition
Nothing Fishy About Omega-3 Fatty Acids 
Do I Have To Eat My Vegetables? Vitamins In Dog Nutrition 
Rock Foundation: Minerals In Dog Nutrition
Nutrition and Dog Arthritis

Senin, 21 Maret 2011

Digging Deeper: The Science Behind Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy

by Jennifer Febel of Avivagen Animal Health Inc.

If you’ve been paying attention to the news these days you’ve no doubt heard about stem cell therapy and adult stem cells.   

When most people think about stem cells they generally think that there are only two types in existence: Embryonic stem cells and Adult stem cells; however, the term “Embryonic” or “Adult” refers more to where the stem cells come from than what they are. 


In reality, there are many different kinds of stem cells, each with their own set of capabilities and limitations. 

BACK TO THE BASICS

In the beginning there is a sperm and there is an egg.

Once joined, this fertilized egg, now known as a zygote, begins a two-week period of rapid cell division in which each cell doubles by dividing into two cells in a process known as mitosis. 

This two-week stage, known as the germinal period of development, is closely followed by the embryonic phase where the newly divided cells begin to differentiate into three distinct (germ) layers:
  • endoderm
  • mesoderm
  • ectoderm
The endoderm layer will eventually form the internal organs including the stomach, pancreas, liver, lungs and intestines. The ectoderm layer will develop into parts of the central nervous system, the epidermis, hair, and mammary glands.

And the mesoderm layer will develop into skeletal muscle, bones, connective tissue, the heart, and blood (lymph cells).

It is here, in the mesoderm, where the current stem cell story begins.

WHAT’S POTENCY GOT TO DO WITH IT?

The potency of a cell specifies its potential to differentiate into different cell types

There are three types of cell potency:
  • totipotency
  • pluripotency
  • multipotency.
Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism. 

The zygote is an example of a totipotent cell. 

The problem with these types of stem cells is that they are meant to develop into whole beings and when taken out of this environment they have a tendency to form teratomas, an encapsulated tumor that contains components of all three germ layers.

Pluripotency refers to a stem cell that has the ability to differentiate into any of the three germ layers.  

They can develop into any fetal or adult cell type; however, they cannot develop into a fetal or adult animal due to a lack of potential to contribute to extraembryonic tissue such as the placenta.

Multipotent stem cells have the potential to differentiate as well, but only into a limited number of lineages.

For example, a hematopoietic cell is a blood stem cell that can differentiate into several types of blood cells, but cannot develop into brain cells or other types of cells.

MESENCHYM-WHO?

Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as MSCs, are multipotent cells that have the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types including bone and tendon.   

It is these types of stem cells that reside in adipose tissue and that are responsible for all the positive press fat has been getting these days.

A mesenchymal stem cell is just a cell that is derived from the mesoderm.  

While these stem cells are capable of differentiation, they can only differentiate into cells that the mesoderm is meant to develop into. They cannot develop into tissue such as nerves or internal organs because these tissues originate from a different embryonic germ layer. 

It is because of their multipotency that adipose derived stem cells are perfect for treating diseased muscle, bone and tendons but cannot be used to generate other tissue types. 

While scientists have successfully manipulated stem cells to turn multipotent cells into pluripotent cells, this type of stem cell therapy is still in its infancy and studies on the effects of the manipulated cells are underway.

As you can see, stem cells are a varied group of cells that exhibit a wide range of characteristics and therefore have great potential and application in current veterinary medical therapy. 

We are just starting out on this stem cell journey and we have so much to learn but one thing is clear: stem cell therapy offers the medical world a unique way to use the body’s own cells to heal itself.

And that’s a wonderful thing.

Do you have a dog or cat that suffers from a musculoskeletal issue?  Would you consider stem cell therapy if your veterinarian offered it?

***

Avivagen Animal Health is a new Canadian company dedicated to developing science-based, natural health products for companion animals and offering veterinarians alternatives to traditional treatments.

Their aim is to increase an animal’s protection against disease by helping it attain optimal health by supporting its own physiological defenses, including immune function. Based on strong scientific fundamentals, we are developing innovative products and therapies that harness nature’s inherent ability to maintain and promote animal health and well-being.


To stay up to date with Avivagen news, check out their blog.

Related articles:

Stem Cells for Dogs? Oh yeah, baby!
Interview with Dr. Robert J. Harman, D.V.M., M.P.V.M. - CEO and founder of Vet-Stem
Jasmine is Vet-Stem's poster child! 
Zeus Gets Stem Cell Treatment 
Jasmine Is Headed For Her Next Stem Cell Treatment 
Jasmine's Stem Cells Are In 
Running With The Wind: Trago's Elbow Dysplasia Surgery And Stem Cell Treatment